Section 01

AN vs MS vs NAS: When to Use Each

These three specification systems aren't interchangeable labeling — they represent different governing bodies, dimensional standards, and performance tiers. Getting this wrong means rework, or worse, an airworthiness issue.

AN
AN Series
Army-Navy Standard

The original aviation fastener standard developed jointly by the Army and Navy in the 1940s. AN specs define the most common bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets used in general aviation and military aircraft. If you're building or maintaining a certificated GA aircraft, AN is usually your default.

  • Primary structure on certificated GA aircraft (Cessna, Piper, Beechcraft)
  • EAB (experimental/amateur-built) construction following AC 43.13
  • Replacement hardware where the IPC calls AN part numbers
  • Control surface hinges, wing attach fittings, landing gear
  • Any application where a 30+ year parts history matters
MS
MS Series
Military Standard

Military Standard specs replaced many AN numbers and extended coverage into higher-performance applications. MS parts often supersede AN equivalents — the MS20073 bolt is the direct replacement for AN3, not a different part. Military and commercial transport programs specify MS because of tighter tolerances and broader environmental coverage.

  • Military aircraft maintenance (C-130, UH-60, F/A-18)
  • Commercial transport MRO when the CMM calls MS part numbers
  • High-temp or high-vibration environments requiring MS21042 nuts
  • Drilled-head bolts for safety wire (MS20074)
  • Anywhere your Illustrated Parts Catalog shows an MS number
NAS
NAS Series
National Aerospace Standard

Issued by the Aerospace Industries Association, NAS specs cover higher-performance fasteners with tighter tolerances than AN or MS — particularly Hi-Lok pins, close-tolerance bolts, and specialty washers. NAS parts dominate structural applications in commercial transports and modern business jets where weight-to-strength ratio matters.

  • Close-tolerance structural joints (wing box, spar attachments)
  • Hi-Lok installation (NAS1303/NAS1304 pins with NAS6203/6204 collars)
  • CRES (corrosion-resistant) washers under corrosive environments
  • Shear-loaded joints where AN hex bolts are oversize
  • Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier structures with NAS callouts in SRMs
Key rule: Always match the part number your IPC, CMM, or SRM specifies. Do not substitute AN for MS or vice versa without checking the supersedure list. MS20073 supersedes AN3 — they are dimensionally identical and interchangeable. AN365 and MS21042 are not the same nut — different locking mechanisms, different temperature ratings.
Section 02

AN / MS / NAS Cross-Reference Table

Common equivalencies between spec systems for bolts, nuts, and washers. Search by any part number — AN, MS, or NAS. Not all parts have equivalents across all three systems.

AN MS Equivalent NAS Equivalent Type Notes Shop
AN3 MS20073 NAS6703 Hex Bolt 3/32" shank · MS20073 is direct supersedure of AN3 Shop AN3 →
AN4 MS20074 NAS6704 Hex Bolt 1/4" shank · most common GA bolt size Shop AN4 →
AN5 MS20073-5 NAS6705 Hex Bolt 5/16" shank · spar attach, engine mount common Shop AN5 →
AN6 MS20073-6 NAS6706 Hex Bolt 3/8" shank · main landing gear, engine mounts Shop AN6 →
AN7 MS20073-7 NAS6707 Hex Bolt 7/16" shank · heavy structural / prop flange Shop AN7 →
AN8 MS20073-8 NAS6708 Hex Bolt 1/2" shank · prop hubs, engine crankcase Shop AN8 →
AN43 NAS43 Close-Tolerance Bolt No MS equiv · tighter shank tolerances for shear joints Shop NAS43 →
AN365 MS21042 NAS1021 Self-Locking Nut AN365 = fiber insert / MS21042 = all-metal · not interchangeable for high-temp Shop Locknuts →
AN310 MS17826 Castle Nut Used with cotter pin (AN380) · control rod ends, turnbuckles Shop AN310 →
AN316 MS21083 Check Nut (Jam) Locknut for cable fittings, rod-end bearings, turnbuckle barrels Shop AN316 →
MS21042 NAS1021 All-Metal Locknut High-temp to 450°F · engine compartment, exhaust areas · replaces AN365 at temp Shop MS21042 →
AN960 MS15795 Flat Washer (Standard) Standard diameter · bolt bearing surface, stack-up shimming Shop AN960 →
AN970 MS15795-X Flat Washer (Wide) Large OD for wood/composite bearing · EAB wing ribs, wood spars Shop AN970 →
NAS1149 CRES Flat Washer Corrosion-resistant steel · no AN/MS equiv at same spec · wet wing areas, bilge Shop NAS1149 →
AN470 MS20470 Solid Rivet (Universal) Universal head · skin, rib flanges where both sides accessible Shop AN470 →
AN426 MS20426 Solid Rivet (Countersunk) 100° flush head · outer skin for aerodynamic surfaces, leading edges Shop AN426 →

⟳ "—" means no direct equivalent exists in that spec system for the same function. Verify any substitution against the applicable maintenance manual supersedure list. This table covers the most common AN/MS/NAS equivalencies — full mapping requires the current DOD QML and NAS publication index.

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Section 03

Material Properties Quick-Reference

The material designation is baked into the AN/MS part number suffix. Getting this wrong doesn't fail a visual inspection — it fails under load, in a corrosive environment, or after 200 heat cycles. Know what you're installing.

Alloy Steel (Cadmium Plated)
Suffix: Plain / no letter / -H
Tensile Strength 125,000 psi
Temp Range -65°F to +450°F
Corrosion Resistance Moderate (cad plate)
Weight (relative) Heavy
Magnetic Yes
Use when: primary structure, engine mounts, landing gear — where tensile strength is the primary concern and weight is secondary. Standard AN3–AN20 bolts are alloy steel.
Corrosion-Resistant Steel (CRES)
Suffix: -C or NAS "C" designation
Tensile Strength 100,000–125,000 psi
Temp Range -65°F to +800°F
Corrosion Resistance Excellent
Weight (relative) Heavy
Magnetic Slightly
Use when: wet wing areas, bilge, float plane fittings, firewall-forward, exhaust areas, any location with standing moisture or salt exposure. NAS1149 CRES washers are the standard choice for wet areas.
Aluminum Alloy
Suffix: -DD (2024-T4) or -A (1100)
Tensile Strength 27,000–68,000 psi
Temp Range -65°F to +212°F
Corrosion Resistance Good
Weight (relative) Light (~1/3 of steel)
Magnetic No
Use when: rivets (AN426AD, AN470AD — "AD" = 2117-T4), control surface hinges with low loads, non-structural interior hardware. Never use aluminum bolts in primary structure — they are for riveting only in most structural applications.
Titanium (NAS1801): Available for applications requiring the highest strength-to-weight ratio. NAS1801 titanium bolts offer ~130,000 psi tensile with roughly 40% weight savings over alloy steel. Used in competition EAB, carbon-fiber structures, and weight-critical primary structure. We stock NAS1801-8-16 — shop titanium →
Galvanic compatibility rule: Do not pair aluminum fasteners with stainless or carbon-fiber structure without a barrier. In saltwater environments, aluminum bolts adjacent to dissimilar metals corrode rapidly. Use CRES (stainless) fasteners wherever galvanic corrosion is a risk — the weight penalty is worth it.
Section 04

What Locknut Goes With What Bolt?

Selecting the wrong locknut isn't a torque issue — it's a failure mode. AN365 fiber locknuts lose locking action above 250°F. MS21042 all-metal nuts require more torque but survive engine compartment temperatures. Castle nuts need cotter pins and don't belong in vibration-only applications.

AN365
AN365 — Elastic Stop Nut (Fiber Insert)
For bolts: AN3, AN4, AN5, AN6, AN7, AN8 and MS20073 equivalents
The go-to general aviation locknut. Nylon insert locks on installation and holds through vibration without deforming the bolt thread. Can be reused 5–10 times before locking action degrades — inspect the insert for compression before reinstalling.
Max 250°F
Shop AN365 →
MS21042
MS21042 — All-Metal Self-Locking Nut
For bolts: AN3–AN8, MS20073, NAS bolts with matching thread
Identical to AN365 in thread sizing but uses a deformed metal top (no fiber insert) that locks by mechanical interference. Does not degrade at engine compartment temperatures. Required anywhere AN365 would see over 250°F — exhaust-side baffles, turbocharger brackets, oil cooler mounts.
Rated to 450°F
Shop MS21042 →
AN310
AN310 — Castle Nut
For bolts: AN3–AN20 (castellated) · requires drilled-shank bolt + AN380 cotter pin
Castellated nut retained by a cotter pin through a cross-drilled bolt shank. Used where positive retention is mandatory — prop governor linkage, turnbuckle ends, rod-end bearing attach points. The cotter pin prevents any loosening even if the nut unloads. Requires an AN3 or MS20073 bolt with drilled shank.
No temp limit (metal-to-metal)
Shop AN310 →
AN316
AN316 — Check Nut (Jam Nut)
For: AN3–AN6 threaded rod ends, cable fittings, rod-end bearings, turnbuckle barrels
Thin jam nut tightened against a rod-end bearing or turnbuckle fitting to prevent rotation. Not a load-bearing nut — it jams against the fitting, not against a bolt head. Common in flight-control cable systems (rudder, aileron, elevator) where a rod-end bearing must be locked in position after rigging.
General use
Shop AN316 →
MS51957
MS51957 — High-Strength Self-Locking Nut
For bolts: NAS structural bolts, heavy-shank AN8+
All-metal high-strength self-locking nut used in heavy structural applications where MS21042 tensile rating is insufficient. Common in commercial transport MRO at main landing gear and engine pylons. Heavier than MS21042 but rated to higher clamp loads without stripping.
High-temp rated
Shop MS51957 →
AN380
AN380 — Safety Wire
For: MS20074 drilled-head bolts, oil caps, prop governors, control cables
Strictly speaking, safety wire isn't a nut — but it's the locknut substitute for drilled-head bolts. AN380 is the spec for safety wire in standard diameters (0.020", 0.032", 0.041"). Twist direction matters: standard twist is clockwise (tightening direction). Wrong twist and vibration loosens the bolt instead of tightening it.
No temp limit
Shop AN380 →
Quick selection rule: Standard GA airframe → AN365. Engine compartment → MS21042. Flight control rod-ends → AN316 jam nut. Castle nut applications → AN310 + AN380 cotter pin. Any time you're replacing a locknut that's been removed 5+ times, replace it — locking action is not inspectable from the outside.
Section 05

Application Guide by Project

"What do I need for X?" — Four common aircraft projects with their primary fastener requirements. These aren't exhaustive bills-of-materials; they're starting points. Always cross-check your specific IPC or AC 43.13-1B for dimensional callouts.

EAB / Restoration
Wing Spar Attachment

The highest-loaded joint on a GA aircraft. Spar attach bolts see both tension and shear under positive-g loads. No margin for wrong spec, wrong material, or wrong torque. AC 43.13-1B Chapter 7 governs.

  • Primary attach boltsAN5 / AN6
  • Close-tolerance shear boltsNAS43
  • Attach hardware locknutsAN365
  • Bearing washersAN960
  • CRES washers (wet bays)NAS1149
Shop Wing Hardware →
MRO / Airworthiness
Fuel System Fittings

Every fastener in or adjacent to a fuel tank must be corrosion-resistant. Cadmium-plated alloy steel corrodes rapidly in aviation fuel environments; CRES or passivated stainless is the correct spec. Fuel cap retention, sender flanges, sump drains.

  • CRES structural boltsAN4-C / NAS
  • Wet-area washersNAS1149
  • Flange fasteners (all-metal)MS21042
  • Fuel cap safety wireAN380
  • Anti-rotation jam nutsAN316
Shop Fuel Hardware →
Rigging / Annual
Control Surface Hinges & Linkage

Flight control hardware sees continuous cyclic loads — every hinge, rod-end, and bellcrank attach point is a fatigue point. Cotter pins and castle nuts are the standard lockout; AN365 works at hinge attach where temperature isn't a concern.

  • Hinge attach boltsAN3 / AN4
  • Rod-end bearing jam nutsAN316
  • Castle nuts (positive retention)AN310
  • Cotter pinsMS24665
  • Bellcrank attach locknutsAN365
Shop Control Hardware →
Engine Mount / Firewall
Engine Mount & Accessory Hardware

Everything firewall-forward lives in a high-heat, high-vibration environment with motor oil and exhaust gases. Fiber insert locknuts will soften and lose grip — all-metal MS21042 is required in this environment. Safety wire is the preferred lockout for accessory bolts.

  • Engine mount boltsAN6 / AN7
  • High-temp locknutsMS21042
  • Safety-wired accessory boltsMS20074
  • Safety wire (0.032")AN380-2-2
  • Bearing/stack washersAN960
Shop Engine Hardware →

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